pystac#

PySTAC is a library for working with SpatioTemporal Asset Catalogs (STACs)

`STACObject`(stac_extensions)	A base class for other PySTAC classes that contains a variety of useful methods for dealing with links, copying objects, accessing extensions, and reading and writing files.
`Catalog`(id, description[, title, ...])	A PySTAC Catalog represents a STAC catalog in memory.
`Collection`(id, description, extent[, title, ...])	A Collection extends the Catalog spec with additional metadata that helps enable discovery.
`Extent`(spatial, temporal[, extra_fields])	Describes the spatiotemporal extents of a Collection.
`SpatialExtent`(bboxes[, extra_fields])	Describes the spatial extent of a Collection.
`TemporalExtent`(intervals[, extra_fields])	Describes the temporal extent of a Collection.
`Provider`(name[, description, roles, url, ...])	Provides information about a provider of STAC data.
`Summaries`(summaries[, maxcount])
`Item`(id, geometry, bbox, datetime, properties)	An Item is the core granular entity in a STAC, containing the core metadata that enables any client to search or crawl online catalogs of spatial 'assets' - satellite imagery, derived data, DEM's, etc.
`Asset`(href[, title, description, ...])	An object that contains a link to data associated with an Item or Collection that can be downloaded or streamed.
`CommonMetadata`(object)	Object containing fields that are not included in core item schema but are still commonly used.
`ItemCollection`(items[, extra_fields, ...])	Implementation of a GeoJSON FeatureCollection whose features are all STAC Items.
`Link`(rel, target[, media_type, title, ...])	A link connects a `STACObject` to another entity.
`StacIO`([headers])
`read_file`(href[, stac_io])	Reads a STAC object from a file.
`write_file`(obj[, include_self_link, ...])	Writes a STACObject to a file.
`read_dict`(d[, href, root, stac_io])	Reads a `STACObject` or `ItemCollection` from a JSON-like dict representing a serialized STAC object.
`set_stac_version`(stac_version)	Sets the STAC version that PySTAC should use.
`get_stac_version`()	Returns the STAC version PySTAC writes as the "stac_version" property for any object it serializes into JSON.

pystac.get_stac_version() → str[source]#

Returns the STAC version PySTAC writes as the “stac_version” property for any object it serializes into JSON.

If a call to set_stac_version was made, this will return the value it was called with. Next it will check the environment for a PYSTAC_STAC_VERSION_OVERRIDE variable. Otherwise it will return the latest STAC version that this version of PySTAC supports.

Returns:: The STAC Version PySTAC is set up to use.
Return type:: str

pystac.read_dict(d: Dict[str, Any], href: str | None = None, root: Catalog | None = None, stac_io: StacIO | None = None) → STACObject[source]#

Reads a STACObject or ItemCollection from a JSON-like dict representing a serialized STAC object.

This method will return either a Catalog, Collection, or :class`~Item` based on the contents of the dict.

This is a convenience method for either StacIO.stac_object_from_dict.

Parameters:

d – The dict to parse.
href – Optional href that is the file location of the object being parsed.
root – Optional root of the catalog for this object. If provided, the root’s resolved object cache can be used to search for previously resolved instances of the STAC object.
stac_io – Optional StacIO instance to use for reading. If None, the default instance will be used.

Raises:

STACTypeError – If the d dictionary does not represent a valid STACObject. Note that an ItemCollection is not a STACObject and must be read using ItemCollection.from_dict

pystac.read_file(href: str | PathLike, stac_io: StacIO | None = None) → STACObject[source]#

Reads a STAC object from a file.

This method will return either a Catalog, a Collection, or an Item based on what the file contains.

This is a convenience method for StacIO.read_stac_object

Parameters:

href – The HREF to read the object from.
stac_io – Optional StacIO instance to use for I/O operations. If not provided, will use StacIO.default() to create an instance.

Returns:

The specific STACObject implementation class that is represented by the JSON read from the file located at HREF.

Raises:

STACTypeError – If the file at href does not represent a valid STACObject. Note that an ItemCollection is not a STACObject and must be read using ItemCollection.from_file

pystac.set_stac_version(stac_version: str | None) → None[source]#

Sets the STAC version that PySTAC should use.

This is the version that will be set as the “stac_version” property on any JSON STAC objects written by PySTAC. If set to None, the override version will be cleared if previously set and the default or an override taken from the environment will be used.

You can also set the environment variable PYSTAC_STAC_VERSION_OVERRIDE to override the version.

Parameters:: stac_version – The STAC version to use instead of the latest STAC version that PySTAC supports (described in STACVersion.DEFAULT_STAC_VERSION). If None, clear to use the default for this version of PySTAC.

Note

Setting the STAC version to something besides the default version will not effect the format of STAC read or written; it will only override the stac_version property of the objects being written. Setting this incorrectly can produce invalid STAC.

pystac.write_file(obj: STACObject, include_self_link: bool = True, dest_href: str | PathLike | None = None, stac_io: StacIO | None = None) → None[source]#

Writes a STACObject to a file.

This will write only the Catalog, Collection or Item obj. It will not attempt to write any other objects that are linked to obj; if you’d like functionality to save off catalogs recursively see Catalog.save.

This method will write the JSON of the object to the object’s assigned “self” link or to the dest_href if provided. To set the self link, see STACObject.set_self_href.

Convenience method for STACObject.from_file

Parameters:

obj – The STACObject to save.
include_self_link – If True, include the "self" link with this object. Otherwise, leave out the self link.
dest_href – Optional HREF to save the file to. If None, the object will be saved to the object’s "self" href.
stac_io – Optional StacIO instance to use for I/O operations. If not provided, will use StacIO.default() to create an instance.

STACObject#

class pystac.STACObject(stac_extensions: List[str])[source]#

A base class for other PySTAC classes that contains a variety of useful methods for dealing with links, copying objects, accessing extensions, and reading and writing files. You shouldn’t use STACObject directly, but instead access this functionality through the implementing classes.

STAC_OBJECT_TYPE: STACObjectType#

add_link(link: Link) → None[source]#

Add a link to this object’s set of links.

Parameters:: link – The link to add.

add_links(links: List[Link]) → None[source]#

Add links to this object’s set of links.

Parameters:: links – The links to add.

clear_links(rel: str | RelType | None = None) → None[source]#

Clears all Link instances associated with this object.

Parameters:: rel – If set, only clear links that match this relationship.

abstract clone() → STACObject[source]#

Clones this object.

Cloning an object will make a copy of all properties and links of the object; however, it will not make copies of the targets of links (i.e. it is not a deep copy). To copy a STACObject fully, with all linked elements also copied, use STACObject.full_copy.

Returns:: The clone of this object.
Return type:: STACObject

abstract classmethod from_dict(d: Dict[str, Any], href: str | None = None, root: Catalog | None = None, migrate: bool = False, preserve_dict: bool = True) → S[source]#

Parses this STACObject from the passed in dictionary.

Parameters:

d – The dict to parse.
href – Optional href that is the file location of the object being parsed.
root – Optional root catalog for this object. If provided, the root of the returned STACObject will be set to this parameter.
migrate – Use True if this dict represents JSON from an older STAC object, so that migrations are run against it.
preserve_dict – If False, the dict parameter d may be modified during this method call. Otherwise the dict is not mutated. Defaults to True, which results results in a deepcopy of the parameter. Set to False when possible to avoid the performance hit of a deepcopy.

Returns:

The STACObject parsed from this dict.

Return type:

STACObject

classmethod from_file(href: str, stac_io: StacIO | None = None) → S[source]#

Reads a STACObject implementation from a file.

Parameters:

href – The HREF to read the object from.
stac_io – Optional instance of StacIO to use. If not provided, will use the default instance.

Returns:

The specific STACObject implementation class that is represented by the JSON read from the file located at HREF.

full_copy(root: Catalog | None = None, parent: Catalog | None = None) → STACObject[source]#

Create a full copy of this STAC object and any stac objects linked to by this object.

Parameters:

root – Optional root to set as the root of the copied object, and any other copies that are contained by this object.
parent – Optional parent to set as the parent of the copy of this object.

Returns:

A full copy of this object, as well as any objects this object links to.

Return type:

STACObject

get_links(rel: str | RelType | None = None, media_type: str | MediaType | None = None) → List[Link][source]#

Gets the Link instances associated with this object.

Parameters:

rel – If set, filter links such that only those matching this relationship are returned.
media_type – If set, filter the links such that only those matching media_type are returned

Returns:

A list of links that match rel and/ or media_type if set, or else all links associated with this object.

Return type:

List[Link]

get_parent() → Catalog | None[source]#

Get the Catalog or Collection to the parent for this object. The root is represented by a Link with rel == 'parent'.

Returns:: The parent object for this object, or None if no root link is set.
Return type:: Catalog, Collection, or None

get_root() → Catalog | None[source]#

Get the Catalog or Collection to the root for this object. The root is represented by a Link with rel == 'root'.

Returns:: The root object for this object, or None if no root link is set.
Return type:: Catalog, Collection, or None

get_root_link() → Link | None[source]#

Get the Link representing the root for this object.

Returns:: The root link for this object, or None if no root link is set.
Return type:: Link or None

get_self_href() → str | None[source]#

Gets the absolute HREF that is represented by the rel == 'self' Link.

Returns:: The absolute HREF of this object, or None if there is no self link defined.
Return type:: str or None

Note

A self link can exist for objects, even if the link is not read or written to the JSON-serialized version of the object. Any object read from STACObject.from_file will have the HREF the file was read from set as it’s self HREF. All self links have absolute (as opposed to relative) HREFs.

Get a single Link instance associated with this object.

Parameters:

rel – If set, filter links such that only those matching this relationship are returned.
media_type – If set, filter the links such that only those matching media_type are returned

Returns:

First link that matches rel and/or media_type, or else the first link associated with this object.

Return type:

Optional[Link]

get_stac_objects(rel: str | RelType, typ: Type[STACObject] | None = None, modify_links: Callable[[List[Link]], List[Link]] | None = None) → Iterable[STACObject][source]#

Gets the STACObject instances that are linked to by links with their rel property matching the passed in argument.

Parameters:

rel – The relation to match each Link’s rel property against.
typ – If not None, objects will only be yielded if they are instances of typ.
modify_links – A function that modifies the list of links before they are iterated over. For instance, this option can be used to sort the list so that links matching a particular pattern are earlier in the iterator.

Returns:

A possibly empty iterable of STACObjects that are connected to this object through links with the given rel and are of type typ (if given).

Return type:

Iterable[STACObjects]

id: str#: The ID of the STAC Object.

links: List[Link]#: A list of Link objects representing all links associated with this STAC Object.

abstract classmethod matches_object_type(d: Dict[str, Any]) → bool[source]#

Returns a boolean indicating whether the given dictionary represents a valid instance of this STACObject sub-class.

Parameters:: d – A dictionary to identify

remove_hierarchical_links(add_canonical: bool = False) → List[Link][source]#

Removes all hierarchical links from this object.

See pystac.link.HIERARCHICAL_LINKS for a list of all hierarchical links. If the object has a self href and add_canonical is True, a link with rel="canonical" is added.

Parameters:: add_canonical – If true, and this item has a self href, that href is used to build a canonical link.
Returns:: All removed links
Return type:: List[Link]

remove_links(rel: str | RelType) → None[source]#

Remove links to this object’s set of links that match the given rel.

Parameters:: rel – The Link rel to match on.

resolve_links() → None[source]#

Ensure all STACObjects linked to by this STACObject are resolved. This is important for operations such as changing HREFs.

This method mutates the entire catalog tree.

save_object(include_self_link: bool = True, dest_href: str | None = None, stac_io: StacIO | None = None) → None[source]#

Saves this STAC Object to it’s ‘self’ HREF.

Parameters:

include_self_link – If this is true, include the ‘self’ link with this object. Otherwise, leave out the self link.
dest_href – Optional HREF to save the file to. If None, the object will be saved to the object’s self href.
stac_io – Optional instance of StacIO to use. If not provided, will use the instance set on the object’s root if available, otherwise will use the default instance.

Raises:

STACError – If no self href is set, this error will be
raised. –

Note

When to include a self link is described in the Use of Links section of the STAC best practices document

property self_href: str#

Gets the absolute HREF that is represented by the rel == 'self' Link.

Raises:: ValueError – If the self_href is not set, this method will throw a ValueError. Use get_self_href if there may not be an href set.

set_parent(parent: Catalog | None) → None[source]#

Sets the parent Catalog or Collection for this object.

Parameters:: parent – The parent object to set. Passing in None will clear the parent.

set_root(root: Catalog | None) → None[source]#

Sets the root Catalog or Collection for this object.

Parameters:: root – The root object to set. Passing in None will clear the root.

set_self_href(href: str | None) → None[source]#

Sets the absolute HREF that is represented by the rel == 'self' Link.

Parameters:: href – The absolute HREF of this object. If the given HREF is not absolute, it will be transformed to an absolute HREF based on the current working directory. If this is None the call will clear the self HREF link.

stac_extensions: List[str]#: A list of schema URIs for STAC Extensions implemented by this STAC Object.

target_in_hierarchy(target: str | STACObject) → bool[source]#

Determine if target is somewhere in the hierarchical link tree of a STACObject.

Parameters:

target – A string or STACObject to search for

Returns:

Returns True if the target was found in the hierarchical link tree: for the current STACObject

Return type:

bool

abstract to_dict(include_self_link: bool = True, transform_hrefs: bool = True) → Dict[str, Any][source]#

Returns this object as a dictionary.

Parameters:

include_self_link – If True, the dict will contain a self link to this object. If False, the self link will be omitted.
transform_hrefs – If True, transform the HREF of hierarchical links based on the type of catalog this object belongs to (if any). I.e. if this object belongs to a root catalog that is RELATIVE_PUBLISHED or SELF_CONTAINED, hierarchical link HREFs will be transformed to be relative to the catalog root.
dict – A serialization of the object.

validate() → List[Any][source]#

Validate this STACObject.

Returns a list of validation results, which depends on the validation implementation. For JSON Schema validation, this will be a list of schema URIs that were used during validation.

Raises:: STACValidationError –

class pystac.STACObjectType(value)[source]#

An enumeration.

CATALOG = 'Catalog'#

COLLECTION = 'Collection'#

ITEM = 'Feature'#

Catalog#

class pystac.Catalog(id: str, description: str, title: str | None = None, stac_extensions: List[str] | None = None, extra_fields: Dict[str, Any] | None = None, href: str | None = None, catalog_type: CatalogType = CatalogType.ABSOLUTE_PUBLISHED)[source]#

A PySTAC Catalog represents a STAC catalog in memory.

A Catalog is a STACObject that may contain children, which are instances of Catalog or Collection, as well as Item s.

Parameters:

id – Identifier for the catalog. Must be unique within the STAC.
description – Detailed multi-line description to fully explain the catalog. CommonMark 0.29 syntax MAY be used for rich text representation.
title – Optional short descriptive one-line title for the catalog.
stac_extensions – Optional list of extensions the Catalog implements.
href – Optional HREF for this catalog, which be set as the catalog’s self link’s HREF.
catalog_type – Optional catalog type for this catalog. Must be one of the values in CatalogType.

DEFAULT_FILE_NAME = 'catalog.json'#: Default file name that will be given to this STAC object in a canonical format.

STAC_OBJECT_TYPE: STACObjectType = 'Catalog'#

add_child(child: 'Catalog' | Collection, title: str | None = None, strategy: HrefLayoutStrategy | None = None, set_parent: bool = True) → Link[source]#

Adds a link to a child Catalog or Collection.

This method will set the child’s parent to this object and potentially override its self_link (unless set_parent is False).

It will always set its root to this Catalog’s root.

Parameters:

child – The child to add.
title – Optional title to give to the Link
strategy – The layout strategy to use for setting the self href of the child. If not provided, defaults to BestPracticesLayoutStrategy.
set_parent – Whether to set the parent on the child as well. Defaults to True.

Returns:

The link created for the child

Return type:

Link

add_children(children: Iterable['Catalog' | Collection]) → List[Link][source]#

Adds links to multiple Catalog or ~pystac.Collection objects. This method will set each child’s parent to this object, and their root to this Catalog’s root.

Parameters:: children – The children to add.
Returns:: An array of links created for the children
Return type:: List[Link]

add_item(item: Item, title: str | None = None, strategy: HrefLayoutStrategy | None = None, set_parent: bool = True) → Link[source]#

Adds a link to an Item.

This method will set the item’s parent to this object and potentially override its self_link (unless set_parent is False)

It will always set its root to this Catalog’s root.

Parameters:

item – The item to add.
title – Optional title to give to the Link
strategy – The layout strategy to use for setting the self href of the item. If not provided, defaults to BestPracticesLayoutStrategy.
set_parent – Whether to set the parent on the item as well. Defaults to True.

Returns:

The link created for the item

Return type:

Link

add_items(items: Iterable[Item], strategy: HrefLayoutStrategy | None = None) → List[Link][source]#

Adds links to multiple Items.

This method will set each item’s parent to this object, and their root to this Catalog’s root.

Parameters:

items – The items to add.
strategy – The layout strategy to use for setting the self href of the items. If not provided, defaults to BestPracticesLayoutStrategy.

Returns:

A list of links created for the item

Return type:

List[Link]

catalog_type: CatalogType#: The catalog type. Defaults to CatalogType.ABSOLUTE_PUBLISHED.

clear_children() → None[source]#

Removes all children from this catalog.

Returns:: Returns self
Return type:: Catalog

clear_items() → None[source]#

Removes all items from this catalog.

Returns:: Returns self
Return type:: Catalog

clone() → Catalog[source]#

Clones this object.

Returns:: The clone of this object.
Return type:: STACObject

describe(include_hrefs: bool = False, _indent: int = 0) → None[source]#

Prints out information about this Catalog and all contained STACObjects.

Parameters:: include_hrefs (bool) – HREF along with the object ID.

description: str#: Detailed multi-line description to fully explain the catalog.

extra_fields: Dict[str, Any]#: Extra fields that are part of the top-level JSON properties of the Catalog.

classmethod from_dict(d: Dict[str, Any], href: str | None = None, root: Catalog | None = None, migrate: bool = False, preserve_dict: bool = True) → C[source]#

Parses this STACObject from the passed in dictionary.

Parameters:

d – The dict to parse.
href – Optional href that is the file location of the object being parsed.
root – Optional root catalog for this object. If provided, the root of the returned STACObject will be set to this parameter.
migrate – Use True if this dict represents JSON from an older STAC object, so that migrations are run against it.
preserve_dict – If False, the dict parameter d may be modified during this method call. Otherwise the dict is not mutated. Defaults to True, which results results in a deepcopy of the parameter. Set to False when possible to avoid the performance hit of a deepcopy.

Returns:

The STACObject parsed from this dict.

Return type:

STACObject

classmethod from_file(href: str, stac_io: StacIO | None = None) → C[source]#

Reads a STACObject implementation from a file.

Parameters:

href – The HREF to read the object from.
stac_io – Optional instance of StacIO to use. If not provided, will use the default instance.

Returns:

The specific STACObject implementation class that is represented by the JSON read from the file located at HREF.

full_copy(root: Catalog | None = None, parent: Catalog | None = None) → Catalog[source]#

Create a full copy of this STAC object and any stac objects linked to by this object.

Parameters:

root – Optional root to set as the root of the copied object, and any other copies that are contained by this object.
parent – Optional parent to set as the parent of the copy of this object.

Returns:

A full copy of this object, as well as any objects this object links to.

Return type:

STACObject

fully_resolve() → None[source]#

Resolves every link in this catalog.

Useful if, e.g., you’d like to read a catalog from a filesystem, upgrade every object in the catalog to the latest STAC version, and save it back to the filesystem. By default, save() skips unresolved links.

generate_subcatalogs(template: str, defaults: Dict[str, Any] | None = None, parent_ids: List[str] | None = None) → List[Catalog][source]#

Walks through the catalog and generates subcatalogs for items based on the template string.

See LayoutTemplate for details on the construction of template strings. This template string will be applied to the items, and subcatalogs will be created that separate and organize the items based on template values.

Parameters:

template – A template string that can be consumed by a LayoutTemplate
defaults – Default values for the template variables that will be used if the property cannot be found on the item.
parent_ids – Optional list of the parent catalogs’ identifiers. If the bottom-most subcatalogs already match the template, no subcatalog is added.

Returns:

List of new catalogs created

Return type:

[catalog]

get_all_collections() → Iterable[Collection][source]#: Get all collections from this catalog and all subcatalogs. Will traverse any subcatalogs recursively.

get_all_items() → Iterator[Item][source]#

DEPRECATED.

Deprecated since version 1.8: Use pystac.Catalog.get_items(recursive=True)() instead.

Get all items from this catalog and all subcatalogs. Will traverse any subcatalogs recursively.

Returns:

All items that belong to this catalog, and all: catalogs or collections connected to this catalog through child links.

Return type:

Generator[Item]

get_child(id: str, recursive: bool = False, sort_links_by_id: bool = True) → 'Catalog' | Collection | None[source]#

Gets the child of this catalog with the given ID, if it exists.

Parameters:

id – The ID of the child to find.
recursive – If True, search this catalog and all children for the item; otherwise, only search the children of this catalog. Defaults to False.
sort_links_by_id – If True, links containing the ID will be checked first. If links do not contain the ID then setting this to False will improve performance. Defaults to True.

Returns:

The child with the given ID, or None if not found.

Return type:

Optional Catalog or Collection

get_child_links() → List[Link][source]#

Return all child links of this catalog.

Returns:: List of links of this catalog with rel == 'child'
Return type:: List[Link]

get_children() → Iterable['Catalog' | Collection][source]#

Return all children of this catalog.

Returns:: Iterable of children who’s parent is this catalog.
Return type:: Iterable[Catalog or Collection]

get_collections() → Iterable[Collection][source]#: Return all children of this catalog that are Collection instances.

get_item(id: str, recursive: bool = False) → Item | None[source]#

DEPRECATED.

Deprecated since version 1.8: Use next(pystac.Catalog.get_items(id), None)() instead.

Returns an item with a given ID.

Parameters:

id – The ID of the item to find.
recursive – If True, search this catalog and all children for the item; otherwise, only search the items of this catalog. Defaults to False.

Returns:

The item with the given ID, or None if not found.

Return type:

Item or None

get_item_links() → List[Link][source]#

Return all item links of this catalog.

Returns:: List of links of this catalog with rel == 'item'
Return type:: List[Link]

get_items(*ids: str, recursive: bool = False) → Iterator[Item][source]#

Return all items or specific items of this catalog.

Parameters:

*ids – The IDs of the items to include.
recursive – If True, search this catalog and all children for the item; otherwise, only search the items of this catalog. Defaults to False.

Returns:

Generator of items whose parent is this catalog, and: (if recursive) all catalogs or collections connected to this catalog through child links.

Return type:

Iterator[Item]

id: str#: Identifier for the catalog.

is_relative() → bool[source]#

links: List[Link]#: A list of Link objects representing all links associated with this Catalog.

make_all_asset_hrefs_absolute() → None[source]#: Recursively makes all the HREFs of assets in this catalog absolute

make_all_asset_hrefs_relative() → None[source]#: Recursively makes all the HREFs of assets in this catalog relative

map_assets(asset_mapper: Callable[[str, Asset], Asset | Tuple[str, Asset] | Dict[str, Asset]]) → Catalog[source]#

Creates a copy of a catalog, with each Asset for each Item passed through the asset_mapper function.

Parameters:: asset_mapper – A function that takes in an key and an Asset, and returns either an Asset, a (key, Asset), or a dictionary of Assets with unique keys. The Asset that is passed into the item_mapper is a copy, so the method can mutate it safely.
Returns:: A full copy of this catalog, with assets manipulated according to the asset_mapper function.
Return type:: Catalog

map_items(item_mapper: Callable[[Item], Item | List[Item]]) → Catalog[source]#

Creates a copy of a catalog, with each item passed through the item_mapper function.

Parameters:: item_mapper – A function that takes in an item, and returns either an item or list of items. The item that is passed into the item_mapper is a copy, so the method can mutate it safely.
Returns:: A full copy of this catalog, with items manipulated according to the item_mapper function.
Return type:: Catalog

classmethod matches_object_type(d: Dict[str, Any]) → bool[source]#

Returns a boolean indicating whether the given dictionary represents a valid instance of this STACObject sub-class.

Parameters:: d – A dictionary to identify

normalize_and_save(root_href: str, catalog_type: CatalogType | None = None, strategy: HrefLayoutStrategy | None = None, stac_io: StacIO | None = None, skip_unresolved: bool = False) → None[source]#

Normalizes link HREFs to the given root_href, and saves the catalog.

This is a convenience method that simply calls Catalog.normalize_hrefs and Catalog.save in sequence.

Parameters:

root_href – The absolute HREF that all links will be normalized against.
catalog_type – The catalog type that dictates the structure of the catalog to save. Use a member of CatalogType. Defaults to the root catalog.catalog_type or the current catalog catalog_type if there is no root catalog.
strategy – The layout strategy to use in setting the HREFS for this catalog. If not provided, defaults to BestPracticesLayoutStrategy
stac_io – Optional instance of StacIO to use. If not provided, will use the instance set while reading in the catalog, or the default instance if this is not available.
skip_unresolved – Skip unresolved links when normalizing the tree. Defaults to False. Because unresolved links are not saved, this argument can be used to normalize and save only newly-added objects.

normalize_hrefs(root_href: str, strategy: HrefLayoutStrategy | None = None, skip_unresolved: bool = False) → None[source]#

Normalize HREFs will regenerate all link HREFs based on an absolute root_href and the canonical catalog layout as specified in the STAC specification’s best practices.

This method mutates the entire catalog tree, unless skip_unresolved is True, in which case only resolved links are modified. This is useful in the case when you have loaded a large catalog and you’ve added a few items/children, and you only want to update those newly-added objects, not the whole tree.

Parameters:

root_href – The absolute HREF that all links will be normalized against.
strategy – The layout strategy to use in setting the HREFS for this catalog. If not provided, defaults to BestPracticesLayoutStrategy
skip_unresolved – Skip unresolved links when normalizing the tree. Defaults to False.

See:: STAC best practices document for the canonical layout of a STAC.

remove_child(child_id: str) → None[source]#

Removes an child from this catalog.

Parameters:: child_id – The ID of the child to remove.

remove_item(item_id: str) → None[source]#

Removes an item from this catalog.

Parameters:: item_id – The ID of the item to remove.

save(catalog_type: CatalogType | None = None, dest_href: str | None = None, stac_io: StacIO | None = None) → None[source]#

Save this catalog and all it’s children/item to files determined by the object’s self link HREF or a specified path.

Parameters:

catalog_type – The catalog type that dictates the structure of the catalog to save. Use a member of CatalogType. If not supplied, the catalog_type of this catalog will be used. If that attribute is not set, an exception will be raised.
dest_href – The location where the catalog is to be saved. If not supplied, the catalog’s self link HREF is used to determine the location of the catalog file and children’s files.
stac_io – Optional instance of StacIO to use. If not provided, will use the instance set while reading in the catalog, or the default instance if this is not available.

Note

If the catalog type is CatalogType.ABSOLUTE_PUBLISHED, all self links will be included, and hierarchical links be absolute URLs. If the catalog type is CatalogType.RELATIVE_PUBLISHED, this catalog’s self link will be included, but no child catalog will have self links, and hierarchical links will be relative URLs If the catalog type is CatalogType.SELF_CONTAINED, no self links will be included and hierarchical links will be relative URLs.

set_root(root: Catalog | None) → None[source]#

Sets the root Catalog or Collection for this object.

Parameters:: root – The root object to set. Passing in None will clear the root.

stac_extensions: List[str]#: List of extensions the Catalog implements.

title: str | None#: Optional short descriptive one-line title for the catalog.

to_dict(include_self_link: bool = True, transform_hrefs: bool = True) → Dict[str, Any][source]#

Returns this object as a dictionary.

Parameters:

include_self_link – If True, the dict will contain a self link to this object. If False, the self link will be omitted.
transform_hrefs – If True, transform the HREF of hierarchical links based on the type of catalog this object belongs to (if any). I.e. if this object belongs to a root catalog that is RELATIVE_PUBLISHED or SELF_CONTAINED, hierarchical link HREFs will be transformed to be relative to the catalog root.
dict – A serialization of the object.

validate_all(max_items: int | None = None, recursive: bool = True) → int[source]#

Validates each catalog, collection, item contained within this catalog.

Walks through the children and items of the catalog and validates each stac object.

Parameters:

max_items – The maximum number of STAC items to validate. Default is None which means, validate them all.
recursive – Whether to validate catalog, collections, and items contained within child objects.

Returns:

Number of STAC items validated.

Return type:

int

Raises:

STACValidationError – Raises this error on any item that is invalid. Will raise on the first invalid stac object encountered.

walk() → Iterable[Tuple['Catalog', Iterable['Catalog'], Iterable[Item]]][source]#

Walks through children and items of catalogs.

For each catalog in the STAC’s tree rooted at this catalog (including this catalog itself), it yields a 3-tuple (root, subcatalogs, items). The root in that 3-tuple refers to the current catalog being walked, the subcatalogs are any catalogs or collections for which the root is a parent, and items represents any items that have the root as a parent.

This has similar functionality to Python’s os.walk().

Returns:: A generator that yields a 3-tuple (parent_catalog, children, items).
Return type:: Generator[(Catalog, Generator[Catalog], Generator[Item])]

CatalogType#

class pystac.CatalogType(value)[source]#

An enumeration.

ABSOLUTE_PUBLISHED = 'ABSOLUTE_PUBLISHED'#

Absolute Published Catalog is a catalog that uses absolute links for everything, both in the links objects and in the asset hrefs.

See:: The best practices documentation on published catalogs

RELATIVE_PUBLISHED = 'RELATIVE_PUBLISHED'#

Relative Published Catalog is a catalog that uses relative links for everything, but includes an absolute self link at the root catalog, to identify its online location.

See:: The best practices documentation on published catalogs

SELF_CONTAINED = 'SELF_CONTAINED'#

A ‘self-contained catalog’ is one that is designed for portability. Users may want to download an online catalog from and be able to use it on their local computer, so all links need to be relative.

See:: The best practices documentation on self-contained catalogs

classmethod determine_type(stac_json: Dict[str, Any]) → CatalogType | None[source]#

Determines the catalog type based on a STAC JSON dict.

Only applies to Catalogs or Collections

Parameters:: stac_json – The STAC JSON dict to determine the catalog type
Returns:: The catalog type of the catalog or collection. Will return None if it cannot be determined.
Return type:: Optional[CatalogType]

Collection#

class pystac.Collection(id: str, description: str, extent: Extent, title: str | None = None, stac_extensions: List[str] | None = None, href: str | None = None, extra_fields: Dict[str, Any] | None = None, catalog_type: CatalogType | None = None, license: str = 'proprietary', keywords: List[str] | None = None, providers: List[Provider] | None = None, summaries: Summaries | None = None, assets: Dict[str, Asset] | None = None)[source]#

A Collection extends the Catalog spec with additional metadata that helps enable discovery.

Parameters:

id – Identifier for the collection. Must be unique within the STAC.
description –
Detailed multi-line description to fully explain the collection. CommonMark 0.29 syntax MAY be used for rich text representation.
extent – Spatial and temporal extents that describe the bounds of all items contained within this Collection.
title – Optional short descriptive one-line title for the collection.
stac_extensions – Optional list of extensions the Collection implements.
href – Optional HREF for this collection, which be set as the collection’s self link’s HREF.
catalog_type – Optional catalog type for this catalog. Must be one of the values in :class`~pystac.CatalogType`.
license – Collection’s license(s) as a SPDX License identifier, various, or proprietary. If collection includes data with multiple different licenses, use various and add a link for each. Defaults to ‘proprietary’.
keywords – Optional list of keywords describing the collection.
providers – Optional list of providers of this Collection.
summaries – An optional map of property summaries, either a set of values or statistics such as a range.
extra_fields – Extra fields that are part of the top-level JSON properties of the Collection.
assets – A dictionary mapping string keys to Asset objects. All Asset values in the dictionary will have their owner attribute set to the created Collection.

DEFAULT_FILE_NAME = 'collection.json'#: Default file name that will be given to this STAC object in a canonical format.

STAC_OBJECT_TYPE: STACObjectType = 'Collection'#

add_asset(key: str, asset: Asset) → None[source]#

Adds an Asset to this collection.

Parameters:

key – The unique key of this asset.
asset – The Asset to add.

add_item(item: Item, title: str | None = None, strategy: HrefLayoutStrategy | None = None, set_parent: bool = True) → Link[source]#

Adds a link to an Item.

This method will set the item’s parent to this object and potentially override its self_link (unless set_parent is False)

It will always set its root to this Catalog’s root.

Parameters:

item – The item to add.
title – Optional title to give to the Link
strategy – The layout strategy to use for setting the self href of the item. If not provided, defaults to BestPracticesLayoutStrategy.
set_parent – Whether to set the parent on the item as well. Defaults to True.

Returns:

The link created for the item

Return type:

Link

assets: Dict[str, Asset]#: Map of Assets

catalog_type: CatalogType#: The catalog type. Defaults to CatalogType.ABSOLUTE_PUBLISHED.

clone() → Collection[source]#

Clones this object.

Returns:: The clone of this object.
Return type:: STACObject

delete_asset(key: str) → None[source]#

Deletes the asset at the given key, and removes the asset’s data file from the local filesystem.

It is an error to attempt to delete an asset’s file if it is on a remote filesystem.

To delete the asset without removing the file, use del collection.assets[“key”].

Parameters:: key – The unique key of this asset.

description: str#: Detailed multi-line description to fully explain the collection.

extent: Extent#: Spatial and temporal extents that describe the bounds of all items contained within this Collection.

extra_fields: Dict[str, Any]#: Extra fields that are part of the top-level JSON properties of the Collection.

classmethod from_dict(d: Dict[str, Any], href: str | None = None, root: Catalog | None = None, migrate: bool = False, preserve_dict: bool = True) → C[source]#

Parses this STACObject from the passed in dictionary.

Parameters:

d – The dict to parse.
href – Optional href that is the file location of the object being parsed.
root – Optional root catalog for this object. If provided, the root of the returned STACObject will be set to this parameter.
migrate – Use True if this dict represents JSON from an older STAC object, so that migrations are run against it.
preserve_dict – If False, the dict parameter d may be modified during this method call. Otherwise the dict is not mutated. Defaults to True, which results results in a deepcopy of the parameter. Set to False when possible to avoid the performance hit of a deepcopy.

Returns:

The STACObject parsed from this dict.

Return type:

STACObject

full_copy(root: Catalog | None = None, parent: Catalog | None = None) → Collection[source]#

Create a full copy of this STAC object and any stac objects linked to by this object.

Parameters:

root – Optional root to set as the root of the copied object, and any other copies that are contained by this object.
parent – Optional parent to set as the parent of the copy of this object.

Returns:

A full copy of this object, as well as any objects this object links to.

Return type:

STACObject

get_assets(media_type: str | MediaType | None = None, role: str | None = None) → Dict[str, Asset][source]#

Get this collection’s assets.

Parameters:

media_type – If set, filter the assets such that only those with a matching media_type are returned.
role – If set, filter the assets such that only those with a matching role are returned.

Returns:

A dictionary of assets that match media_type and/or role if set or else all of this collection’s assets.

Return type:

Dict[str, Asset]

get_item(id: str, recursive: bool = False) → Item | None[source]#

Returns an item with a given ID.

Parameters:

id – The ID of the item to find.
recursive – If True, search this collection and all children for the item; otherwise, only search the items of this collection. Defaults to False.

Returns:

The item with the given ID, or None if not found.

Return type:

Item or None

id: str#: Identifier for the collection.

keywords: List[str] | None#: Optional list of keywords describing the collection.

links: List[Link]#: A list of Link objects representing all links associated with this Collection.

make_asset_hrefs_absolute() → Collection[source]#

Modify each asset’s HREF to be absolute.

Any asset HREFs that are relative will be modified to absolute based on this collection’s self HREF.

Returns:: self
Return type:: Collection

make_asset_hrefs_relative() → Collection[source]#

Modify each asset’s HREF to be relative to this collection’s self HREF.

Returns:: self
Return type:: Collection

classmethod matches_object_type(d: Dict[str, Any]) → bool[source]#

Returns a boolean indicating whether the given dictionary represents a valid instance of this STACObject sub-class.

Parameters:: d – A dictionary to identify

providers: List[Provider] | None#: Optional list of providers of this Collection.

stac_extensions: List[str]#: List of extensions the Collection implements.

summaries: Summaries#: A map of property summaries, either a set of values or statistics such as a range.

title: str | None#: Optional short descriptive one-line title for the collection.

to_dict(include_self_link: bool = True, transform_hrefs: bool = True) → Dict[str, Any][source]#

Returns this object as a dictionary.

Parameters:

include_self_link – If True, the dict will contain a self link to this object. If False, the self link will be omitted.
transform_hrefs – If True, transform the HREF of hierarchical links based on the type of catalog this object belongs to (if any). I.e. if this object belongs to a root catalog that is RELATIVE_PUBLISHED or SELF_CONTAINED, hierarchical link HREFs will be transformed to be relative to the catalog root.
dict – A serialization of the object.

update_extent_from_items() → None[source]#: Update datetime and bbox based on all items to a single bbox and time window.

Extent#

class pystac.Extent(spatial: SpatialExtent, temporal: TemporalExtent, extra_fields: Dict[str, Any] | None = None)[source]#

Describes the spatiotemporal extents of a Collection.

Parameters:

spatial – Potential spatial extent covered by the collection.
temporal – Potential temporal extent covered by the collection.
extra_fields – Dictionary containing additional top-level fields defined on the Extent object.

clone() → Extent[source]#

Clones this object.

Returns:: The clone of this extent.
Return type:: Extent

extra_fields: Dict[str, Any]#: Dictionary containing additional top-level fields defined on the Extent object.

static from_dict(d: Dict[str, Any]) → Extent[source]#

Constructs an Extent from a dict.

Returns:: The Extent deserialized from the JSON dict.
Return type:: Extent

static from_items(items: Iterable[Item], extra_fields: Dict[str, Any] | None = None) → Extent[source]#

Create an Extent based on the datetimes and bboxes of a list of items.

Parameters:

items – A list of items to derive the extent from.
extra_fields – Optional dictionary containing additional top-level fields defined on the Extent object.

Returns:

An Extent that spatially and temporally covers all of the given items.

Return type:

Extent

spatial: SpatialExtent#: Potential spatial extent covered by the collection.

temporal: TemporalExtent#: Potential temporal extent covered by the collection.

to_dict() → Dict[str, Any][source]#

Returns this extent as a dictionary.

Returns:: A serialization of the Extent.
Return type:: dict

SpatialExtent#

class pystac.SpatialExtent(bboxes: List[List[float]] | List[float], extra_fields: Dict[str, Any] | None = None)[source]#

Describes the spatial extent of a Collection.

Parameters:

bboxes – A list of bboxes that represent the spatial extent of the collection. Each bbox can be 2D or 3D. The length of the bbox array must be 2*n where n is the number of dimensions. For example, a 2D Collection with only one bbox would be [[xmin, ymin, xmax, ymax]]
extra_fields – Dictionary containing additional top-level fields defined on the Spatial Extent object.

bboxes: List[List[float]]#: A list of bboxes that represent the spatial extent of the collection. Each bbox can be 2D or 3D. The length of the bbox array must be 2*n where n is the number of dimensions. For example, a 2D Collection with only one bbox would be [[xmin, ymin, xmax, ymax]]

clone() → SpatialExtent[source]#

Clones this object.

Returns:: The clone of this object.
Return type:: SpatialExtent

extra_fields: Dict[str, Any]#: Dictionary containing additional top-level fields defined on the Spatial Extent object.

static from_coordinates(coordinates: List[Any], extra_fields: Dict[str, Any] | None = None) → SpatialExtent[source]#

Constructs a SpatialExtent from a set of coordinates.

This method will only produce a single bbox that covers all points in the coordinate set.

Parameters:

coordinates – Coordinates to derive the bbox from.
extra_fields – Dictionary containing additional top-level fields defined on the SpatialExtent object.

Returns:

A SpatialExtent with a single bbox that covers the given coordinates.

Return type:

SpatialExtent

static from_dict(d: Dict[str, Any]) → SpatialExtent[source]#

Constructs a SpatialExtent from a dict.

Returns:: The SpatialExtent deserialized from the JSON dict.
Return type:: SpatialExtent

to_dict() → Dict[str, Any][source]#

Returns this spatial extent as a dictionary.

Returns:: A serialization of the SpatialExtent.
Return type:: dict

TemporalExtent#

class pystac.TemporalExtent(intervals: List[List[datetime]] | List[List[datetime | None]], extra_fields: Dict[str, Any] | None = None)[source]#

Describes the temporal extent of a Collection.

Parameters:

intervals – A list of two datetimes wrapped in a list, representing the temporal extent of a Collection. Open date ranges are supported by setting either the start (the first element of the interval) or the end (the second element of the interval) to None.
extra_fields – Dictionary containing additional top-level fields defined on the Temporal Extent object.

Note

Datetimes are required to be in UTC.

clone() → TemporalExtent[source]#

Clones this object.

Returns:: The clone of this object.
Return type:: TemporalExtent

extra_fields: Dict[str, Any]#: Dictionary containing additional top-level fields defined on the Temporal Extent object.

static from_dict(d: Dict[str, Any]) → TemporalExtent[source]#

Constructs an TemporalExtent from a dict.

Returns:: The TemporalExtent deserialized from the JSON dict.
Return type:: TemporalExtent

static from_now() → TemporalExtent[source]#

Constructs an TemporalExtent with a single open interval that has the start time as the current time.

Returns:: The resulting TemporalExtent.
Return type:: TemporalExtent

intervals: List[List[datetime]] | List[List[datetime | None]]#: A list of two datetimes wrapped in a list, representing the temporal extent of a Collection. Open date ranges are represented by either the start (the first element of the interval) or the end (the second element of the interval) being None.

to_dict() → Dict[str, Any][source]#

Returns this temporal extent as a dictionary.

Returns:: A serialization of the TemporalExtent.
Return type:: dict

ProviderRole#

class pystac.ProviderRole(value)[source]#

Enumerates the allows values of the Provider “role” field.

HOST = 'host'#

LICENSOR = 'licensor'#

PROCESSOR = 'processor'#

PRODUCER = 'producer'#

Provider#

class pystac.Provider(name: str, description: str | None = None, roles: List[ProviderRole] | None = None, url: str | None = None, extra_fields: Dict[str, Any] | None = None)[source]#

Provides information about a provider of STAC data. A provider is any of the organizations that captured or processed the content of the collection and therefore influenced the data offered by this collection. May also include information about the final storage provider hosting the data.

Parameters:

name – The name of the organization or the individual.
description – Optional multi-line description to add further provider information such as processing details for processors and producers, hosting details for hosts or basic contact information.
roles – Optional roles of the provider. Any of licensor, producer, processor or host.
url – Optional homepage on which the provider describes the dataset and publishes contact information.
extra_fields – Optional dictionary containing additional top-level fields defined on the Provider object.

description: str | None#: Optional multi-line description to add further provider information such as processing details for processors and producers, hosting details for hosts or basic contact information.

extra_fields: Dict[str, Any]#: Dictionary containing additional top-level fields defined on the Provider object.

static from_dict(d: Dict[str, Any]) → Provider[source]#

Constructs an Provider from a dict.

Returns:: The Provider deserialized from the JSON dict.
Return type:: Provider

name: str#: The name of the organization or the individual.

roles: List[ProviderRole] | None#: Optional roles of the provider. Any of licensor, producer, processor or host.

to_dict() → Dict[str, Any][source]#

Returns this provider as a dictionary.

Returns:: A serialization of the Provider.
Return type:: dict

url: str | None#: Optional homepage on which the provider describes the dataset and publishes contact information.

Summaries#

class pystac.Summaries(summaries: Dict[str, Any], maxcount: int = 25)[source]#

add(prop_key: str, summary: List[Any] | RangeSummary[Any] | Dict[str, Any]) → None[source]#

clone() → Summaries[source]#

Clones this object.

Returns:: The clone of this object
Return type:: Summaries

combine(summaries: Summaries) → None[source]#

classmethod empty() → Summaries[source]#

get_list(prop: str) → List[Any] | None[source]#

get_range(prop: str) → RangeSummary[Any] | None[source]#

get_schema(prop: str) → Dict[str, Any] | None[source]#

is_empty() → bool[source]#

lists: Dict[str, List[Any]]#

maxcount: int#

other: Dict[str, Any]#

ranges: Dict[str, RangeSummary[Any]]#

remove(prop_key: str) → None[source]#

schemas: Dict[str, Dict[str, Any]]#

to_dict() → Dict[str, Any][source]#

update(summaries: Summaries) → None[source]#

Item#

An Item is the core granular entity in a STAC, containing the core metadata that enables any client to search or crawl online catalogs of spatial ‘assets’ - satellite imagery, derived data, DEM’s, etc.

Parameters:

id – Provider identifier. Must be unique within the STAC.
geometry – Defines the full footprint of the asset represented by this item, formatted according to RFC 7946, section 3.1 (GeoJSON).
bbox – Bounding Box of the asset represented by this item using either 2D or 3D geometries. The length of the array must be 2*n where n is the number of dimensions. Could also be None in the case of a null geometry.
datetime – datetime associated with this item. If None, a start_datetime and end_datetime must be supplied.
properties – A dictionary of additional metadata for the item.
start_datetime – Optional start datetime, part of common metadata. This value will override any start_datetime key in properties.
end_datetime – Optional end datetime, part of common metadata. This value will override any end_datetime key in properties.
stac_extensions – Optional list of extensions the Item implements.
href – Optional HREF for this item, which be set as the item’s self link’s HREF.
collection – The Collection or Collection ID that this item belongs to.
extra_fields – Extra fields that are part of the top-level JSON properties of the Item.
assets – A dictionary mapping string keys to Asset objects. All Asset values in the dictionary will have their owner attribute set to the created Item.

STAC_OBJECT_TYPE: STACObjectType = 'Feature'#

add_asset(key: str, asset: Asset) → None[source]#

Adds an Asset to this item.

Parameters:

key – The unique key of this asset.
asset – The Asset to add.

add_derived_from(*items: Item | str) → Item[source]#

Add one or more items that this is derived from.

This method will add to any existing “derived_from” links.

Parameters:: items – Items (or href of items) to add to derived_from links.
Returns:: self
Return type:: Item

assets: Dict[str, Asset]#: Dictionary of Asset objects, each with a unique key.

bbox: List[float] | None#: Bounding Box of the asset represented by this item using either 2D or 3D geometries. The length of the array is 2*n where n is the number of dimensions. Could also be None in the case of a null geometry.

clone() → Item[source]#

Clones this object.

Returns:: The clone of this object.
Return type:: STACObject

collection: Collection | None#: Collection to which this Item belongs, if any.

collection_id: str | None#: The Collection ID that this item belongs to, if any.

property common_metadata: CommonMetadata#: Access the item’s common metadata fields as a CommonMetadata object.

datetime: Datetime | None#: Datetime associated with this item. If None, then start_datetime and end_datetime in common_metadata will supply the datetime range of the Item.

delete_asset(key: str) → None[source]#

Deletes the asset at the given key, and removes the asset’s data file from the local filesystem.

It is an error to attempt to delete an asset’s file if it is on a remote filesystem.

To delete the asset without removing the file, use del item.assets[“key”].

Parameters:: key – The unique key of this asset.

extra_fields: Dict[str, Any]#: Extra fields that are part of the top-level JSON fields the Item.

classmethod from_dict(d: Dict[str, Any], href: str | None = None, root: Catalog | None = None, migrate: bool = False, preserve_dict: bool = True) → T[source]#

Parses this STACObject from the passed in dictionary.

Parameters:

d – The dict to parse.
href – Optional href that is the file location of the object being parsed.
root – Optional root catalog for this object. If provided, the root of the returned STACObject will be set to this parameter.
migrate – Use True if this dict represents JSON from an older STAC object, so that migrations are run against it.
preserve_dict – If False, the dict parameter d may be modified during this method call. Otherwise the dict is not mutated. Defaults to True, which results results in a deepcopy of the parameter. Set to False when possible to avoid the performance hit of a deepcopy.

Returns:

The STACObject parsed from this dict.

Return type:

STACObject

full_copy(root: Catalog | None = None, parent: Catalog | None = None) → Item[source]#

Create a full copy of this STAC object and any stac objects linked to by this object.

Parameters:

root – Optional root to set as the root of the copied object, and any other copies that are contained by this object.
parent – Optional parent to set as the parent of the copy of this object.

Returns:

A full copy of this object, as well as any objects this object links to.

Return type:

STACObject

geometry: Dict[str, Any] | None#: Defines the full footprint of the asset represented by this item, formatted according to RFC 7946, section 3.1 (GeoJSON).

get_assets(media_type: str | MediaType | None = None, role: str | None = None) → Dict[str, Asset][source]#

Get this item’s assets.

Parameters:

media_type – If set, filter the assets such that only those with a matching media_type are returned.
role – If set, filter the assets such that only those with a matching role are returned.

Returns:

A dictionary of assets that match media_type: and/or role if set or else all of this item’s assets.

Return type:

Dict[str, Asset]

get_collection() → Collection | None[source]#

Gets the collection of this item, if one exists.

Returns:: If this item belongs to a collection, returns a reference to the collection. Otherwise returns None.
Return type:: Collection or None

get_datetime(asset: Asset | None = None) → Datetime | None[source]#

Gets an Item or an Asset datetime.

If an Asset is supplied and the Item property exists on the Asset, returns the Asset’s value. Otherwise returns the Item’s value.

Returns:: datetime or None

get_derived_from() → List[Item][source]#

Get the items that this is derived from.

Returns:: Returns a reference to the derived_from items.
Return type:: List[Item]

id: str#: Provider identifier. Unique within the STAC.

links: List[Link]#: A list of Link objects representing all links associated with this Item.

make_asset_hrefs_absolute() → Item[source]#

Modify each asset’s HREF to be absolute.

Any asset HREFs that are relative will be modified to absolute based on this item’s self HREF.

Returns:: self
Return type:: Item

make_asset_hrefs_relative() → Item[source]#

Modify each asset’s HREF to be relative to this item’s self HREF.

Returns:: self
Return type:: Item

classmethod matches_object_type(d: Dict[str, Any]) → bool[source]#

Returns a boolean indicating whether the given dictionary represents a valid instance of this STACObject sub-class.

Parameters:: d – A dictionary to identify

properties: Dict[str, Any]#: A dictionary of additional metadata for the Item.

remove_derived_from(item_id: str) → None[source]#

Remove an item that this is derived from.

This method will remove from existing “derived_from” links.

Parameters:: item_id – ID of item to remove from derived_from links.

set_collection(collection: Collection | None) → Item[source]#

Set the collection of this item.

This method will replace any existing Collection link and attribute for this item.

Parameters:: collection – The collection to set as this item’s collection. If None, will clear the collection.
Returns:: self
Return type:: Item

set_datetime(datetime: Datetime, asset: Asset | None = None) → None[source]#

Set an Item or an Asset datetime.

If an Asset is supplied, sets the property on the Asset. Otherwise sets the Item’s value.

set_self_href(href: str | None) → None[source]#

Sets the absolute HREF that is represented by the rel == 'self' Link.

Changing the self HREF of the item will ensure that all asset HREFs remain valid. If asset HREFs are relative, the HREFs will change to point to the same location based on the new item self HREF, either by making them relative to the new location or making them absolute links if the new location does not share the same protocol as the old location.

Parameters:: href – The absolute HREF of this object. If the given HREF is not absolute, it will be transformed to an absolute HREF based on the current working directory. If this is None the call will clear the self HREF link.

stac_extensions: List[str]#: List of extensions the Item implements.

to_dict(include_self_link: bool = True, transform_hrefs: bool = True) → Dict[str, Any][source]#

Returns this object as a dictionary.

Parameters:

include_self_link – If True, the dict will contain a self link to this object. If False, the self link will be omitted.
transform_hrefs – If True, transform the HREF of hierarchical links based on the type of catalog this object belongs to (if any). I.e. if this object belongs to a root catalog that is RELATIVE_PUBLISHED or SELF_CONTAINED, hierarchical link HREFs will be transformed to be relative to the catalog root.
dict – A serialization of the object.

Asset#

An object that contains a link to data associated with an Item or Collection that can be downloaded or streamed.

Parameters:

href – Link to the asset object. Relative and absolute links are both allowed.
title – Optional displayed title for clients and users.
description – A description of the Asset providing additional details, such as how it was processed or created. CommonMark 0.29 syntax MAY be used for rich text representation.
media_type – Optional description of the media type. Registered Media Types are preferred. See MediaType for common media types.
roles – Optional, Semantic roles (i.e. thumbnail, overview, data, metadata) of the asset.
extra_fields – Optional, additional fields for this asset. This is used by extensions as a way to serialize and deserialize properties on asset object JSON.

clone() → Asset[source]#

Clones this asset. Makes a deepcopy of the extra_fields.

Returns:: The clone of this asset.
Return type:: Asset

property common_metadata: CommonMetadata#: Access the asset’s common metadata fields as a CommonMetadata object.

copy(href: str) → Asset[source]#

Copies this asset’s file to a new location on the local filesystem, setting the asset href accordingly.

Modifies the asset in place, and returns the same asset.

Parameters:: href – The new asset location. Must be a local path. If relative it must be relative to the owner object.
Returns:: The asset with the updated href.
Return type:: Asset

delete() → None[source]#

Delete this asset’s file. Does not delete the asset from the item that owns it. See delete_asset() for that.

Does not modify the asset.

description: str | None#: A description of the Asset providing additional details, such as how it was processed or created. CommonMark 0.29 syntax MAY be used for rich text representation.

extra_fields: Dict[str, Any]#: Optional, additional fields for this asset. This is used by extensions as a way to serialize and deserialize properties on asset object JSON.

classmethod from_dict(d: Dict[str, Any]) → A[source]#

Constructs an Asset from a dict.

Returns:: The Asset deserialized from the JSON dict.
Return type:: Asset

get_absolute_href() → str | None[source]#

Gets the absolute href for this asset, if possible.

If this Asset has no associated Item, and the asset HREF is a relative path,: this method will return None. If the Item that owns the Asset has no self HREF, this will also return None.

Returns:

The absolute HREF of this asset, or None if an absolute HREF could not: be determined.

Return type:

str

has_role(role: str) → bool[source]#

Check if a role exists in the Asset role list.

Parameters:: role – Role to check for existence.
Returns:: True if role exists, else False.
Return type:: bool

href: str#: Link to the asset object. Relative and absolute links are both allowed.

media_type: str | None#: Optional description of the media type. Registered Media Types are preferred. See MediaType for common media types.

move(href: str) → Asset[source]#

Moves this asset’s file to a new location on the local filesystem, setting the asset href accordingly.

Modifies the asset in place, and returns the same asset.

Parameters:: href – The new asset location. Must be a local path. If relative it must be relative to the owner object.
Returns:: The asset with the updated href.
Return type:: Asset

owner: Item | Collection | None#: The Item or Collection that this asset belongs to, or None if it has no owner.

roles: List[str] | None#: Optional, Semantic roles (i.e. thumbnail, overview, data, metadata) of the asset.

set_owner(obj: Collection | Item) → None[source]#

Sets the owning item of this Asset.

The owning item will be used to resolve relative HREFs of this asset.

Parameters:: obj – The Collection or Item that owns this asset.

title: str | None#: Optional displayed title for clients and users.

to_dict() → Dict[str, Any][source]#

Returns this Asset as a dictionary.

Returns:: A serialization of the Asset.
Return type:: dict

CommonMetadata#

class pystac.CommonMetadata(object: Asset | Item)[source]#

Object containing fields that are not included in core item schema but are still commonly used. All attributes are defined within the properties of this item and are optional

Parameters:: properties – Dictionary of attributes that is the Item’s properties

property constellation: str | None#: Gets or set the name of the constellation associate with an object.

property created: datetime | None#: Get or set the metadata file’s creation date. All datetime attributes have setters that can take either a string or a datetime, but always stores the attribute as a string.

Note

created has a different meaning depending on the type of STAC object. On an Item, it refers to the creation time of the metadata. On an Asset, it refers to the creation time of the actual data linked to in Asset.href <pystac.Asset.href.

property description: str | None#: Gets or set the object’s description.

property end_datetime: datetime | None#: Get or set the item’s end_datetime.

property gsd: float | None#: Gets or sets the Ground Sample Distance at the sensor.

property instruments: List[str] | None#: Gets or sets the names of the instruments used.

property license: str | None#: Get or set the current license.

property mission: str | None#: Gets or set the name of the mission associated with an object.

object: Asset | Item#: The object from which common metadata is obtained.

property platform: str | None#: Gets or set the object’s platform attribute.

property providers: List[Provider] | None#: Get or set a list of the object’s providers.

property start_datetime: datetime | None#: Get or set the object’s start_datetime.

property title: str | None#: Gets or set the object’s title.

property updated: datetime | None#: Get or set the metadata file’s update date. All datetime attributes have setters that can take either a string or a datetime, but always stores the attribute as a string

Note

updated has a different meaning depending on the type of STAC object. On an Item, it refers to the update time of the metadata. On an Asset, it refers to the update time of the actual data linked to in Asset.href <pystac.Asset.href.

ItemCollection#

class pystac.ItemCollection(items: Iterable[Item | Dict[str, Any]], extra_fields: Dict[str, Any] | None = None, clone_items: bool = True)[source]#

Implementation of a GeoJSON FeatureCollection whose features are all STAC Items.

All Item instances passed to the ItemCollection instance during instantiation are cloned and have their "root" URL cleared. Instances of this class implement the abstract methods of typing.Collection and can also be added together (see below for examples using these methods).

Any additional top-level fields in the FeatureCollection are retained in extra_fields by the from_dict() and from_file() methods and will be present in the serialized file from save_object().

Parameters:

items – List of Item instances to include in the ItemCollection.
extra_fields – Dictionary of additional top-level fields included in the ItemCollection.
clone_items – Optional flag indicating whether Item instances should be cloned before storing in the ItemCollection. Setting to False will result in faster instantiation, but changes made to Item instances in the ItemCollection will mutate the original Item. Defaults to True.

Examples

Loop over all items in the :class`~ItemCollection`

>>> item_collection: ItemCollection = ...
>>> for item in item_collection:
...     ...

Get the number of Item instances in the ItemCollection

>>> length: int = len(item_collection)

Check if an Item is in the ItemCollection. Note that the clone_items argument must be False for this to return True, since equality of PySTAC objects is currently evaluated using default object equality (i.e. item_1 is item_2).

>>> item: Item = ...
>>> item_collection = ItemCollection(items=[item], clone_items=False)
>>> assert item in item_collection

Combine ItemCollection instances

>>> item_1: Item = ...
>>> item_2: Item = ...
>>> item_3: Item = ...
>>> item_collection_1 = ItemCollection(items=[item_1, item_2])
>>> item_collection_2 = ItemCollection(items=[item_2, item_3])
>>> combined = item_collection_1 + item_collection_2
>>> assert len(combined) == 4
# If an item is present in both ItemCollections it will occur twice

clone() → ItemCollection[source]#: Creates a clone of this instance. This clone is a deep copy; all Item instances are cloned and all additional top-level fields are deep copied.

extra_fields: Dict[str, Any]#: Dictionary of additional top-level fields for the GeoJSON FeatureCollection.

classmethod from_dict(d: Dict[str, Any], preserve_dict: bool = True, root: Catalog | None = None) → C[source]#

Creates a ItemCollection instance from a dictionary.

Parameters:

d – The dictionary from which the ItemCollection will be created
preserve_dict – If False, the dict parameter d may be modified during this method call. Otherwise the dict is not mutated. Defaults to True, which results results in a deepcopy of the parameter. Set to False when possible to avoid the performance hit of a deepcopy.

classmethod from_file(href: str, stac_io: StacIO | None = None) → C[source]#

Reads a ItemCollection from a JSON file.

Parameters:

href – Path to the file.
stac_io – A StacIO instance to use for file I/O

static is_item_collection(d: Dict[str, Any]) → bool[source]#

Checks if the given dictionary represents a valid ItemCollection.

Parameters:: d – Dictionary to check

items: List[Item]#: List of pystac.Item instances contained in this ItemCollection.

save_object(dest_href: str, stac_io: StacIO | None = None) → None[source]#

Saves this instance to the dest_href location.

Parameters:

dest_href – Location to which the file will be saved.
stac_io – Optional StacIO instance to use. If not provided, will use the default instance.

to_dict(transform_hrefs: bool = False) → Dict[str, Any][source]#

Serializes an ItemCollection instance to a dictionary.

Parameters:: transform_hrefs – If True, transform the HREF of hierarchical links of Items based on the type of catalog the Item belongs to (if any). I.e. if the item belongs to a root catalog that is RELATIVE_PUBLISHED or SELF_CONTAINED, hierarchical link HREFs will be transformed to be relative to the catalog root. This can be slow if the Items have root links that have not yet been resolved. Defaults to False.

Link#

A link connects a STACObject to another entity.

The target of a link can be either another STACObject, or an HREF. When serialized, links always refer to the HREF of the target. Links are lazily deserialized - this is, when you read in a link, it does not automatically load in the STACObject that is the target (if the link is pointing to a STACObject). When a user is crawling through a catalog or when additional metadata is required, PySTAC uses the Link.resolve_stac_object method to load in and deserialize STACObjects. This mechanism is used within the PySTAC codebase and normally does not need to be considered by the user - ideally the lazy deserialization of STACObjects is transparent to clients of PySTAC.

Parameters:

rel – The relation of the link (e.g. ‘child’, ‘item’). Registered rel Types are preferred. See RelType for common media types.
target – The target of the link. If the link is unresolved, or the link is to something that is not a STACObject, the target is an HREF. If resolved, the target is a STACObject.
media_type – Optional description of the media type. Registered Media Types are preferred. See MediaType for common media types.
title – Optional title for this link.
extra_fields – Optional, additional fields for this link. This is used by extensions as a way to serialize and deserialize properties on link object JSON.

property absolute_href: str#

Returns the absolute HREF for this link.

If the href is None, this will throw an exception. Use get_absolute_href if there may not be an href set.

classmethod canonical(item_or_collection: Item | Collection, title: str | None = None) → L[source]#: Creates a canonical link to an Item or Collection.

classmethod child(c: Catalog, title: str | None = None) → L[source]#: Creates a link to a child Catalog or Collection.

clone() → Link[source]#

Clones this link.

This makes a copy of all link information, but does not clone a STACObject if one is the target of this link.

Returns:: The cloned link.
Return type:: Link

classmethod collection(c: Collection) → L[source]#: Creates a link to an item’s Collection.

classmethod derived_from(item: Item | str, title: str | None = None) → L[source]#: Creates a link to a derived_from Item.

extra_fields: Dict[str, Any]#: Optional, additional fields for this link. This is used by extensions as a way to serialize and deserialize properties on link object JSON.

classmethod from_dict(d: Dict[str, Any]) → L[source]#

Deserializes a Link from a dict.

Parameters:: d – The dict that represents the Link in JSON
Returns:: Link instance constructed from the dict.
Return type:: Link

get_absolute_href() → str | None[source]#

Gets the absolute href for this link, if possible.

Returns:: Returns this link’s HREF. It attempts to derive an absolute HREF from this link; however, if the link is relative, has no owner, and has an unresolved target, this will return a relative HREF.
Return type:: str

get_href(transform_href: bool = True) → str | None[source]#

Gets the HREF for this link.

Parameters:: transform_href – If True, transform the HREF based on the type of catalog the owner belongs to (if any). I.e. if the link owner belongs to a root catalog that is RELATIVE_PUBLISHED or SELF_CONTAINED, the HREF will be transformed to be relative to the catalog root if this is a hierarchical link relation.
Returns:: Returns this link’s HREF. If there is an owner of the link and the root catalog (if there is one) is of type RELATIVE_PUBLISHED, then the HREF returned will be relative. In all other cases, this method will return an absolute HREF.
Return type:: str

get_target_str() → str | None[source]#

Returns this link’s target as a string.

If a string href was provided, returns that. If not, tries to resolve the self link of the target object.

has_target_href() → bool[source]#: Returns true if this link has a string href in its target information.

property href: str#

Returns the HREF for this link.

If the href is None, this will throw an exception. Use get_href if there may not be an href.

is_hierarchical() → bool[source]#

Returns true if this link’s rel type is hierarchical.

Hierarchical links are used to build relationships in STAC, e.g. “parent”, “child”, “item”, etc. For a complete list of hierarchical relation types, see HIERARCHICAL_LINKS.

Returns:: True if the link’s rel type is hierarchical.
Return type:: bool

is_resolved() → bool[source]#

Determines if the link’s target is a resolved STACObject.

Returns:: True if this link is resolved.
Return type:: bool

classmethod item(item: Item, title: str | None = None) → L[source]#: Creates a link to an Item.

media_type: str | pystac.MediaType | None#: Optional description of the media type. Registered Media Types are preferred. See MediaType for common media types.

owner: STACObject | None#: The owner of this link. The link will use its owner’s root catalog ResolvedObjectCache to resolve objects, and will create absolute HREFs from relative HREFs against the owner’s self HREF.

classmethod parent(c: Catalog) → L[source]#: Creates a link to a parent Catalog or Collection.

rel: str | pystac.RelType#: The relation of the link (e.g. ‘child’, ‘item’). Registered rel Types are preferred. See RelType for common media types.

resolve_stac_object(root: Catalog | None = None) → Link[source]#

Resolves a STAC object from the HREF of this link, if the link is not already resolved.

Parameters:: root – Optional root of the catalog for this link. If provided, the root’s resolved object cache is used to search for previously resolved instances of the STAC object.

classmethod root(c: Catalog) → L[source]#: Creates a link to a root Catalog or Collection.

classmethod self_href(href: str | PathLike) → L[source]#: Creates a self link to a file’s location.

set_owner(owner: STACObject | None) → Link[source]#

Sets the owner of this link.

Parameters:: owner – The owner of this link. Pass None to clear.

property target: str | STACObject#: The target of the link. If the link is unresolved, or the link is to something that is not a STACObject, the target is an HREF. If resolved, the target is a STACObject.

property title: str | None#: Optional title for this link. If not provided during instantiation, this will attempt to get the title from the STAC object that the link references.

to_dict(transform_href: bool = True) → Dict[str, Any][source]#

Returns this link as a dictionary.

Parameters:: transform_href – If True, transform the HREF based on the type of catalog the owner belongs to (if any). I.e. if the link owner belongs to a root catalog that is RELATIVE_PUBLISHED or SELF_CONTAINED, the HREF will be transformed to be relative to the catalog root if this is a hierarchical link relation.
Returns:: A serialization of the Link.
Return type:: dict

MediaType#

class pystac.MediaType(value)[source]#

A list of common media types that can be used in STAC Asset and Link metadata.

COG = 'image/tiff; application=geotiff; profile=cloud-optimized'#

FLATGEOBUF = 'application/vnd.flatgeobuf'#

GEOJSON = 'application/geo+json'#

GEOPACKAGE = 'application/geopackage+sqlite3'#

GEOTIFF = 'image/tiff; application=geotiff'#

HDF = 'application/x-hdf'#

HDF5 = 'application/x-hdf5'#

HTML = 'text/html'#

JPEG = 'image/jpeg'#

JPEG2000 = 'image/jp2'#

JSON = 'application/json'#

KML = 'application/vnd.google-earth.kml+xml'#

PDF = 'application/pdf'#

PNG = 'image/png'#

TEXT = 'text/plain'#

TIFF = 'image/tiff'#

XML = 'application/xml'#

RelType#

class pystac.RelType(value)[source]#

A list of common rel types that can be used in STAC Link metadata. See “Using Relation Types in the STAC Best Practices for guidelines on using relation types. You may also want to refer to the “Relation type” documentation for Catalogs, Collections, or Items for relation types specific to those STAC objects.

ALTERNATE = 'alternate'#

CANONICAL = 'canonical'#

CHILD = 'child'#

COLLECTION = 'collection'#

DERIVED_FROM = 'derived_from'#

ITEM = 'item'#

ITEMS = 'items'#

LICENSE = 'license'#

NEXT = 'next'#

PARENT = 'parent'#

PREV = 'prev'#

PREVIEW = 'preview'#

ROOT = 'root'#

SELF = 'self'#

VIA = 'via'#

StacIO#

class pystac.StacIO(headers: Dict[str, str] | None = None)[source]#

classmethod default() → StacIO[source]#

json_dumps(json_dict: Dict[str, Any], *args: Any, **kwargs: Any) → str[source]#

Method used internally by StacIO instances to serialize a dictionary to a JSON string.

This method may be overwritten in StacIO sub-classes to provide custom serialization logic. The method accepts arbitrary keyword arguments. These are not used by the default implementation, but may be used by sub-class implementations.

Parameters:: json_dict – The dictionary to serialize

json_loads(txt: str, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any) → Dict[str, Any][source]#

Method used internally by StacIO instances to deserialize a dictionary from a JSON string.

This method may be overwritten in StacIO sub-classes to provide custom deserialization logic. The method accepts arbitrary keyword arguments. These are not used by the default implementation, but may be used by sub-class implementations.

Parameters:: txt – The JSON string to deserialize to a dictionary.

read_json(source: str | PathLike, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any) → Dict[str, Any][source]#

Read a dict from the given source.

See StacIO.read_text for usage of str vs Link as a parameter.

Parameters:

source – The source from which to read.
*args – Additional positional arguments to be passed to StacIO.read_text().
**kwargs – Additional keyword arguments to be passed to StacIO.read_text().

Returns:

A dict representation of the JSON contained in the file at the given source.

Return type:

dict

read_stac_object(source: HREF, root: Catalog | None = None, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any) → STACObject[source]#

Read a STACObject from a JSON file at the given source.

See StacIO.read_text for usage of str vs Link as a parameter.

Parameters:

source – The source from which to read.
root – Optional root of the catalog for this object. If provided, the root’s resolved object cache can be used to search for previously resolved instances of the STAC object.
*args – Additional positional arguments to be passed to StacIO.read_json().
**kwargs – Additional keyword arguments to be passed to StacIO.read_json().

Returns:

The deserialized STACObject from the serialized JSON contained in the file at the given uri.

Return type:

STACObject

abstract read_text(source: str | PathLike, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any) → str[source]#

Read text from the given URI.

The source to read from can be specified as a string or os.PathLike object (Link is a path-like object). If it is a string, it must be a URI or local path from which to read. Using a Link enables implementations to use additional link information, such as paging information contained in the extended links described in the STAC API spec.

Parameters:

source – The source to read from.
*args – Arbitrary positional arguments that may be utilized by the concrete implementation.
**kwargs – Arbitrary keyword arguments that may be utilized by the concrete implementation.

Returns:

The text contained in the file at the location specified by the uri.

Return type:

str

save_json(dest: str | PathLike, json_dict: Dict[str, Any], *args: Any, **kwargs: Any) → None[source]#

Write a dict to the given URI as JSON.

See StacIO.write_text for usage of str vs Link as a parameter.

Parameters:

dest – The destination file to write the text to.
json_dict – The JSON dict to write.
*args – Additional positional arguments to be passed to StacIO.json_dumps().
**kwargs – Additional keyword arguments to be passed to StacIO.json_dumps().

classmethod set_default(stac_io_class: Callable[[], StacIO]) → None[source]#: Set the default StacIO instance to use.

stac_object_from_dict(d: Dict[str, Any], href: HREF | None = None, root: Catalog | None = None, preserve_dict: bool = True) → STACObject[source]#

Deserializes a STACObject sub-class instance from a dictionary.

Parameters:

d – The dictionary to deserialize
href – Optional href to associate with the STAC object
root – Optional root Catalog to associate with the STAC object.
preserve_dict – If False, the dict parameter d may be modified during this method call. Otherwise the dict is not mutated. Defaults to True, which results results in a deepcopy of the parameter. Set to False when possible to avoid the performance hit of a deepcopy.

abstract write_text(dest: str | PathLike, txt: str, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any) → None[source]#

Write the given text to a file at the given URI.

The destination to write to can be specified as a string or os.PathLike object (Link is a path-like object). If it is a string, it must be a URI or local path from which to read. Using a Link enables implementations to use additional link information.

Parameters:

dest – The destination to write to.
txt – The text to write.

Errors#

STACError#

class pystac.STACError[source]#: A STACError is raised for errors relating to STAC, e.g. for invalid formats or trying to operate on a STAC that does not have the required information available.

STACTypeError#

class pystac.STACTypeError(bad_dict: Dict[str, Any], expected: type, extra_message: str | None = '')[source]#: A STACTypeError is raised when encountering a representation of a STAC entity that is not correct for the context; for example, if a Catalog JSON was read in as an Item.

DuplicateObjectKeyError#

class pystac.DuplicateObjectKeyError[source]#: Raised when deserializing a JSON object containing a duplicate key.

ExtensionAlreadyExistsError#

class pystac.ExtensionAlreadyExistsError[source]#: An ExtensionAlreadyExistsError is raised when extension hooks are registered with PySTAC if there are already hooks registered for an extension with the same ID.

ExtensionTypeError#

class pystac.ExtensionTypeError[source]#: An ExtensionTypeError is raised when an extension is used against an object that the extension does not apply to

ExtensionNotImplemented#

class pystac.ExtensionNotImplemented[source]#: Attempted to extend a STAC object that does not implement the given extension.

RequiredPropertyMissing#

class pystac.RequiredPropertyMissing(obj: str | Any, prop: str, msg: str | None = None)[source]#

This error is raised when a required value was expected to be there but was missing or None. This will happen, for example, in an extension that has required properties, where the required property is missing from the extended object

Parameters:

obj – Description of the object that will have a property missing. Should include a __repr__ that identifies the object for the error message, or be a string that describes the object.
prop – The property that is missing

STACValidationError#

class pystac.STACValidationError(message: str, source: Any | None = None)[source]#

Represents a validation error. Thrown by validation calls if the STAC JSON is invalid.

Parameters:: source – Source of the exception. Type will be determined by the validation implementation. For the default JsonSchemaValidator this will a the jsonschema.ValidationError.